Implementation of the Action Research Cycle on Mental Training for Young Baseball Athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32923/psc.v7i2.5833Keywords:
Action Research Cycle, Baseball Athletes, Motivation, Mental Training, Young AthletesAbstract
The development of young athletes requires serious attention to mental aspects, including in baseball. They need to receive mental training from an early age to maintain their motivation to participate and practice sports. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of goal-setting training in increasing the motivation of young baseball players under the age of 16 who are trained by local governments. This method uses a three-cycle action research design to observe the gradual increase in athlete motivation to determine increase in athlete motivation. The instrument used is the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) questionnaire (McAuley et al., 1989), which consists of four aspects, with the following reliability coefficients: interest-enjoyment (r=0.78); perceived competence (r=0.80); effort-importance (r=0.84); and tension-pressure (r=0.68). The results of the study in cycle I showed an increase in motivation from a score of 71.61 (86.28%) to 73.94 (89.09%). The results of cycle II showed an increase in motivation scores to 75.89 (91.43%), and the results of cycle III showed an increase in motivation scores to 76.22 (91.83%). Thus, it can be concluded that mental training interventions in the form of goal-setting exercises have succeeded in increasing the motivation of baseball athletes. More holistic mental training is needed to improve the mental skills of baseball athletes in the future.
References
Arifin, Z., & Wahyudi, H. (nd). Athletes' Motivations in Achieving Sports Achievement.
Biçer, T. (2018). Peak Performance in Life and Sport. (14th ed.). Istanbul: White Publications.
Bird, M.D., Swann, C., & Jackman, P.C. (2024). The what, why, and how of goal setting: A review of the goal-setting process in applied sport psychology practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 36 (1), 75–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2185699
Fachrezi, MY, Vidyastuti, V., & Lestari, W. (2023). Goal Setting and Achievement Motivation of Archery Athletes in Pontianak City. Philanthropy: Journal of Psychology , 7 (1), 45. https://doi.org/10.26623/philanthropy.v7i1.6430
Hamzah, AA, Setiawan, TA, & Faridah, A. (2025). The Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on the Achievement of Karate Athletes at BKC Cianjur: A Research. Journal of Community Service and Educational Research , 4 (1), 2020-2025. https://doi.org/10.31004/jerkin.v4i1.1920
Jannah, M., Dwi Permadani, F., Widohardhono, R. , & Artikel, R. (2022). Motivation for Sports Achievement in Student Athletes During the Covid-19 Pandemic in East Java. INFO Article Abstract . 13 (1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.31764
Jeong, Y.H., Healy, L.C., & McEwan, D. (2023). Application of Goal-Setting Theory to goal-setting interventions in sport: a systematic review. In International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology (Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 474–499). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901298
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (2013). Goal-Setting Theory, 1990. In E.A. Locke & G.P. Latham (Eds.), New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance (pp. 3–15). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203082744
inventory in a competitive sport environment: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 60 (1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413
Noordzij, G., Giel, L., & van Mierlo, H. (2021). Meta-analysis of induced achievement goals: moderating effects of goal standards and goal framing. Social Psychology of Education , 24 (1), 195–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09606-1
Rahayu, YF (nd .). Increasing Student Participation in Question and Answer Through Probing and Prompting Learning Techniques in Social Studies Learning (Action Research of Class VIII-C SMP Kartika XIX-2 Bandung) .
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definition, theory, practice, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology , 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Suhartini, S., & Rivaldo, EL (2022). The Level of Achievement Motivation of Jambi City Karate Athletes in Facing the 23rd Porprov 2023. Indonesian Journal of Sports Science and Coaching , 4 (2), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.22437/ijssc.v4i2.21384
MFP (2023). Development and validation of a mental training model: the Mental Toughness Training Circle (MTTC). F1000Research , 12. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129010.1
Vealey, RS (2024). A framework for mental training in sport: Improving mental skills, well-being, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 36 (2), 365-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2274459
Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (2019). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (8th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Wijaya, FJM, & Avandi, RI (2025). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Psychological Factors Affecting the Performance of Pamekasan Regency Athletes Who Won Medals at the 2023 Porprov. Journal of Sports Achievement , 8 (5), 1292-1296.
Zengin, S., & Kirkbir, F. (2020). Investigation of mental training in sports. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology , 9 (10), 65-72.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Uswatun Hasanah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
The Psychosophia: Journal of Psychology, Religion, and Humanity is under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) License, according to which:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgment of authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.
